Hidden Dimensions: We may live in a universe with more than three spatial dimensions, maybe as many as ten hidden curled-up or knotted dimensions. Ten dimensions are required and predicted by Superstring Theory in which strings vibrate or move in ten dimensions. The four forces arise from these string vibrations. Supersymmetry is a related theory that requires eleven dimensions. Usually particles can be distinguished by one of two ways they can spin and can therefore be placed in one of two classes of particles, fermions or bosons. Supersymmetry asserts that under special circumstances particles can change from one class to the other.

JAPA’S FIZZICS

HIDDEN DIMENSIONS: Every once in a while we have little mishaps. For instance as you descend a short flight of steps your leg suddenly gives and you catch hold of the stair rail just in time to avoid a fall, and you are sure when you ascended there were five steps not four. Or you are walking along a familiar path intently conversing with a friend when you receive a shocking blow to the head, as your vision returns you note the pole planted in the path and you are certain it was not there just an hour before. There is only one possible explanation for these mishaps, hidden dimensions!, Hidden dimensions must intersect with the three familiar spatial dimensions producing unexpected and dramatic effects. Physicists suggest a similar explanation for the effects of the fundamental forces and other strange phenomena. But, the hidden dimensions physicist are concerned with or hidden because these dimensions curl-up and knot-up up to sizes smaller than can be seen with microscopes. Then like straws poked into a rising cake these dimensions intersect the expanding three dimensions of normal space-time generating effects that produce the fundamental forces., When higher dimensional spaces intersect lower dimensional spaces dramatic orces may be produced in the lower dimensional spaces. For instance imagine we lived in a flat two-dimensional world, then our existence would be akin to the existence of animated squares, circles and triangles on

a drawing-pad having as much trouble getting along as we do in our three dimensional world. We would be able only to experience the edges of things and distinguish only straight, curved, smooth and sharp edges. If a ball or spherical space (three-dimensional object) passed through our flat drawing-pad space what would we experience? When the tip of the sphere touches the drawing-pad a dot will appear and as the sphere continues through the drawing-pad the dot will become an expanding circle., The two-dimensional geometric people of the drawing-pad will stop fighting among themselves and flee for the edge of the drawing-pad as the smooth, curved edge of the circle fills their world. When all seems to be lost and the unknown circle-force threatens to shove the geometric people off the edge of the drawing-pad into well deserved oblivion the circle force begins to shrink and continues shrinking to a point and disappears. But, little do they know this was only the edge of things to come!

The Universe Is And One!

Black Hole: Usually formed from a star with its' matter and energy pressed into a dimensionless point from which nothing, even light, can escape. Black Holes may be created in the formation of galaxies or the destruction of stars. Physicists cannot adequately describe what goes on at the center of a Black Hole, called a singularity, where even space and time may cease to exist.